Transforming Teacher Education in India: Critical Appraisal of NEP 2020’s Vision, Implementation Challenges, and Strategic Pathways

Abstract

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 places a strong emphasis on teacher education as a key part of India’s educational changes. It sees teachers as vital players in promoting fairness, innovation, and quality learning. This paper explores the policy’s vision for reforming teacher preparation while considering historical challenges, such as disconnected training, limited resources, and inconsistent reforms. Through qualitative document analysis and insights from comparative education, the study looks at both the hopeful goals and the real limitations associated with the new framework. It highlights significant initiatives like the integrated four-year B.Ed. program, ongoing professional development, and the use of technology in inclusive teaching methods. However, it also identifies issues such as underfunded Teacher Education Institutions, differences in digital access, and a top-down approach to policymaking in a diverse federal system. These problems raise questions about what is feasible and how well the policy can be put into action. Additionally, the limited participation of teachers in shaping reforms shows a disconnection between the policy’s goals and the challenges faced by those in the field. The article argues that the success of NEP 2020’s agenda for teacher education relies on connecting reform with local contexts, improving collaboration among states, and consistently investing in infrastructure, digital access, and teacher empowerment. Recommendations highlight the importance of participatory monitoring methods, tailored professional development models, and ways to encourage thoughtful, independent teaching practices. By discussing these points, the paper places India’s reform efforts within the global conversation on teacher education and the SDGs. It underscores both the possible gains and the challenges of a central policy promoting change in a diverse political landscape. Ultimately, the reforms in NEP 2020 present a valuable opportunity that could reshape teacher preparation for many years, provided they prioritize inclusivity and flexibility.