Recent Advancements In Ethosomes: Classification, Characterization, And Pharmaceutical Applications

Abstract

Exosomes, nanosized extracellular vesicles ranging from 30 to 150 nm, have emerged as revolutionary tools in the field of drug delivery and nanomedicine. Originating from the endosomal pathway, exosomes possess a lipid bilayer and carry a wide variety of bioactive molecules including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, making them effective mediators of intercellular communication. Their intrinsic biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and ability to cross biological barriers have positioned exosomes as promising candidates for targeted therapy and personalized medicine.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of exosome classification, production, and characterization. The classification includes distinctions among exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies based on size, biogenesis, and molecular composition. Advanced characterization techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and various chemical and biological assays are discussed to evaluate morphology, surface markers, and functional capacity.

Pharmaceutical applications of exosomes span across drug delivery, targeted cancer therapy, gene delivery, and vaccine strategies. Their natural targeting ability allows for tissue-specific drug accumulation, minimizing systemic toxicity. Furthermore, exosomes offer potential in theranostics and regenerative medicine. Despite these promising prospects, challenges such as low yield, scalability, purification, and regulatory limitations remain significant hurdles to clinical translation.

Innovations in bioengineering and nanotechnology are fostering the development of smart and hybrid exosomes with enhanced targeting and drug-loading efficiencies. Future research should focus on optimizing manufacturing, ensuring safety and efficacy, and establishing standardized protocols for clinical use. As exosome technology continues to evolve, it holds transformative potential for precision drug delivery and personalized therapeutics.