Balancing Farmers’ Rights and Intellectual Property in Agricultural Biotechnology A Study under the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001

Abstract

Agricultural biotechnology has revolutionized farming practices by enhancing crop productivity, disease resistance, and climate adaptability. However, it has also intensified debates around intellectual property rights and farmers’ traditional rights. The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001 (PPVFR Act) represents a unique legislative attempt to balance breeders’ rights with farmers’ rights in India. This research paper critically examines the framework of the Act, its ideological foundations, and its effectiveness in harmonizing innovation incentives with farmers' socio-economic interests. The study evaluates trends in agricultural biotechnology development, assesses empirical data on varietal registration and farmer participation, and highlights the challenges faced in implementation. It further identifies gaps in the existing framework, including issues of awareness, access, and enforcement. The paper concludes with policy recommendations aimed at strengthening farmers’ rights while promoting sustainable agricultural innovation.