Neuroprotective Role Of Farnesol In Alzheimer’s Disease Targeting Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, And Cognitive Decline

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal loss. Farnesol, a natural sesquiterpene alcohol found in various essential oils, has recently gained attention for its neuroprotective potential in AD. This review explores the multifaceted role of farnesol in combating key pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease. Farnesol has been shown to attenuate oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidant defenses and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. It also exhibits strong anti-inflammatory properties by modulating microglial activation and downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus alleviating neuroinflammation. Additionally, farnesol may help preserve cognitive functions by protecting neuronal integrity and supporting synaptic plasticity. Preclinical studies suggest that farnesol not only mitigates amyloid-β-induced toxicity but also improves mitochondrial function and neuronal survival. Given its favorable safety profile and broad pharmacological activity, farnesol holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention or management of Alzheimer’s disease. Further clinical research is warranted to validate its efficacy and mechanisms in human subjects.