Investigating How Neutrophils Contribute To The Body’s Defence Against Infections

Abstract

Neutrophils are essential effector cells in the innate immune system, serving as the first line of defense against a variety of microbial invaders. These highly versatile cells are recruited to sites of infection where they execute several protective mechanisms, including phagocytosis, degranulation, and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Through these actions, neutrophils effectively capture and neutralize pathogens, preventing the spread of infection. Additionally, neutrophils produce a range of antimicrobial peptides and enzymes that contribute to the destruction of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Despite their critical role in immune defense, neutrophils must operate within a tightly regulated framework, as excessive activation or an impaired response can lead to detrimental outcomes such as tissue damage, chronic inflammation, and immunopathology. This review delves into the multifaceted functions of neutrophils, focusing on their complex interactions with pathogens and other immune cells. It highlights the importance of their activation, recruitment, and resolution of inflammation in maintaining immune homeostasis. Furthermore, we explore how dysregulated neutrophil responses contribute to the pathogenesis of various infectious and inflammatory diseases, including chronic infections, autoimmune disorders, and sepsis. Understanding the delicate balance of neutrophil function offers valuable insights into novel therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating neutrophil activity to enhance host defense while minimizing tissue damage and inflammation. The potential of targeting neutrophil pathways holds promise for advancing the treatment of infectious diseases and other immune-related conditions